Nintendo released its Nintendo Entertainment System in the United States in 1985, helping to rebound the failing video games sector. The crash prompted Japan's video game industry to take leadership of the market, which had only suffered minor impacts from the crash. The 1983 video game crash in the United States was characterized by a flood of too many games, often of poor or cloned qualities, and the sector saw competition from inexpensive personal computers and new types of games being developed for them. Coupled with rapid growth in the golden age of arcade video games, including Space Invaders and Pac-Man, the home console market also flourished. After its home console conversions, numerous companies sprang up to capture Pong 's success in both the arcade and the home by cloning the game, causing a series of boom and bust cycles due to oversaturation and lack of innovation.īy the mid-1970s, low-cost programmable microprocessors replaced the discrete transistor–transistor logic circuitry of early hardware, and the first ROM cartridge-based home consoles arrived, including the Atari Video Computer System (VCS). The first home video game console was the Magnavox Odyssey, and the first arcade video games were Computer Space and Pong.
The first consumer video game hardware was released in the early 1970s. Spacewar! was developed by Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) student hobbyists in 1962 as one of the first such games on a video display. The history of video games began in the 1950s and 1960s as computer scientists began designing simple games and simulations on minicomputers and mainframes.
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